We examine the roots of the American practice of "deportation" -- from colonial banishment of heretics, through the political upheaval over Alien & Sedition Acts, to the age of Chinese Exclusion -- which paved the way for the federal government to exercise virtually unlimited & absolute power over aliens, whom they placed outside the protection of the Constitution.

Suggested further reading: Kanstroom, "Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History"

Image: East Asian women & children in a holding cell, Angel Island immigration station, Calinfornia, ca. 1920

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